Blue-eye Trevalla

Fishery Overview

Unless referenced, the following is adapted from Helidoniotis et al. (2017a).

The Scalefish Hook Sector (SHS) forms part of the Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (SESSF) managed by the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) on behalf of the Australian Government.  The Scalefish Hook Sector targets Blue-eye Trevalla and pink ling using demersal longline, automatic longline, dropline and power handine gear. Gemfish (eastern and western stocks) are a retained, non-target species. The fishery is managed under the Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery Management Plan 2003 (Amendment 2016) and the Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (SESSF) Harvest Strategy Framework (AFMA, 2017).  Additionally, Eastern Gemfish are managed under the Eastern Gemfish Stock Rebuilding Strategy (AFMA 2015a).

Key species from the SHS are managed under total allowable catches (TACs) and individual transferable quotas (ITQs). TACs are determined by the AFMA Commission each year. Fishing effort in the SHS remained relatively constant, at 3.168 million hooks in 2015–16 and 3.192 million in 2016–17 (Figure 1). Total catch in 2016 was around 600 t. Fishing effort is broadly distributed from waters off Queensland to South Australia, while highest levels of effort in 2016-17 were seen off eastern Tasmania (Figure 2).

Figure 1: Catch and effort in the SESSF Scalefish Hook Sector, 2000 to 2016 (Source: Helidoniotis et al, 2017a).

Figure 2: Relative fishing intensity in the SHS, 2016-17 fishing season (Source: Helidoniotis et al, 2017a).

Two separate units of assessment are examined here:

• Blue-eye Trevalla – longline (autolongline and demersal longline)
• Blue-eye Trevalla – dropline/power handline

 

Risk Scores

Performance Indicator	Blue-eye Trevalla – Longline	Blue-eye Trevalla – Dropline
C1 TARGET SPECIES	LOW	LOW
1A: Stock Status	MEDIUM	MEDIUM
1B: Harvest Strategy	LOW	LOW
1C: Information and Assessment	LOW	LOW
C2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FISHING	LOW	LOW
2A: Non-target Species	LOW	LOW
2B: ETP Species	LOW	LOW
2C: Habitats	MEDIUM	LOW
2D: Ecosystems	LOW	LOW
C3 MANAGEMENT	LOW	LOW
3A: Governance and Policy	LOW	LOW
3B: Fishery-specific Management System	LOW	LOW

Summary of main issues

• The Blue-eye Trevalla stock is currently estimated to be between the limit and target reference points.
• The fishery appears relatively well-placed against most of the Component 2 performance indicators, although there is uncertainty about the spatial overlap of auto-longlining on potentially sensitive habitats.
• The fishery is well-positioned against management system performance indicators.

Outlook

Blue-eye Trevalla – Longline

Component	Outlook	Comments
Target species	Stable	The 2017 stock assessment estimated the stock to be between the limit and target reference points.  Although catch rate has declined over the past two years, catches have been below Recommended Biological Catch (RBC) which should lead to stock growth towards the target reference point.
Environmental impact of fishing	Stable	Additional analysis of the extent of spatial overlap between autoline gear and high risk habitats may result in a lower risk score.
Management system	Stable	No major changes are expected to Component 3 PIs

 

Blue-eye Trevalla – Dropline/power handline

Component	Outlook	Comments
Target species	Stable	The 2017 stock assessment estimated the stock to be between the limit and target reference points.  Although catch rate has declined over the past two years, catches have been below Recommended Biological Catch (RBC) which should lead to stock growth towards the target reference point.
Environmental impact of fishing	Stable	No major changes are expected to Component 2 PIs.  Effort has declined in the dropline sector in recent years.
Management system	Improving	No major changes are expected to Component 3 PIs

1A: Stock Status

CRITERIA: (i)The stock is at a level which maintains high productivity and has a low probability of recruitment overfishing

(a) Stock Status

MEDIUM RISK

 

A single biological stock of Blue-eye Trevalla is assumed for Australian waters, separate from the New Zealand stock(s).

Blue-eye Trevalla is assessed as a tier 4 stock under the SESSF HSF.  The most recent assessment of the stock was undertaken in 2017 (Haddon, 2017; in SERAG, 2017) using data including total catches, total discards and standardised catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE).  The CPUE time series was a combination of catch-per-hook from dropline data (1997 to 2006) and auto-longline data (2002 to 2016).  The CPUE timeseries is assessed against a target reference level assumed to be a proxy for spawning biomass of 48 per cent of unfished levels and a limit reference level that acts as a proxy for 20 per cent of unfished levels.

Standardised CPUE has decreased over the last two years from above the target reference point in 2014 to a point between the limit and the target reference point in 2016 (Figure 3).  Tier 4 assessments do not assess the probability of being below the reference point. However, the RAG considers the current assessment to be conservative (SERAG, 2017).

Figure 3: Standardised Blue eye Trevalla catch rates (Haddon 2017; in SERAG, 2017) combined dropline and longline catch-per-hook. The upper fine line representing the target catch rate and the lower line the limit catch rate. Thickened line (Blue line) represents the reference period for catches and catch rates; the green line is the recent average catch rate.

Accordingly, there is evidence to indicate it is likely the stock is above the point of recruitment impairment (PRI), however there is less evidence that the stock is fluctuating at or around MSY.  Accordingly, the stock scores medium risk. 

1B: Harvest Strategy

CRITERIA: (i) There is a robust and precautionary harvest strategy in place. 

(a) Harvest Strategy

LOW RISK

The SESSF harvest strategy consists of:

• Limited entry;
• Catch controls through TACs and ITQs, set according to well-defined harvest control rules under the SESSF Harvest Strategy Framework (HSF; AFMA, 2017);
• Gear restrictions;
• Monitoring through logbooks and catch disposal records (CDRs);
• Monitoring through VMS;
• Monitoring through independent observers who provide estimates of discards; and
• Periodic assessments of stock status.

A HSF has been in place in the SESSF since 2005. The most recent version of SESSF HSF was agreed in 2017 (AFMA, 2017).  The SESSF HSF is designed to meet the objectives of the Commonwealth Fisheries Harvest Strategy Policy 2007 (HSP), namely “the sustainable and profitable use of Australia’s Commonwealth fisheries in perpetuity through the implementation of harvest strategies that maintain key commercial stocks at ecologically sustainable levels, and within this context, maximise the economic returns to the Australian community” (DAFF, 2007).  To meet this objective, harvest strategies are designed to pursue an exploitation rate that keeps fish stocks at a level required to produce maximum economic yield (MEY) and ensure stocks remain above a limit biomass level (B_LIM) at least 90% of the time. Alternative reference points may be adopted for some stocks to better pursue the objective of maximising economic returns across the fishery as a whole (AFMA, 2017).

The following summary of the HSF structure and processes is adapted from AFMA (2017):

The HSF uses a three tier approach designed to apply different types of assessments and cater for different amounts of data available for different stocks. The HS adopts increased levels of precaution that correspond to increasing levels of uncertainty about stock status, in order to reduce the level of risk associated with uncertainty.  Tier 1 represents the highest quality of information available (i.e. a robust integrated quantitative stock assessment).

Each Tier has its own harvest control rule (HCR) that is used to determine a recommended biological catch (RBC). The RBCs provide the best scientific advice on what the total fishing mortality (landings from all sectors plus discards) should be for each species/stock. For all Tier levels, once the RBC is determined from the results of the assessment and the application of the relevant HCR, a recommended total allowable catch (TAC) is calculated based on the TAC setting rules.

For Tier 1, the HCR is based on the following reference points:

• The limit biomass B_LIM –The default B_LIM proxy is B₂₀ = 20% of the unfished spawning biomass;
• The B_MSY – the default B_MSY proxy is B₄₀ = 40% of the unfished spawning biomass;
• The target biomass B_TARG (MEY) – B_TARG is generally equal to B_MEY, for which the default proxy is approximated by 1.2*B_MSY. If the default B_MSY proxy is used, this results in B₄₈ = 48% of the unfished spawning biomass.

The Tier 1 harvest control rule applies to species and/or stocks where there is a robust quantitative assessment that provides estimates of current biomass levels, and where estimates or appropriate proxies are available for B_LIM, B_TARG and F_TARG.

Tier 3 and Tier 4 assessments use other indicators (relating to fishing mortality and catch rates respectively) and reference points which are taken as proxies for the biomass reference points for Tier 1.

A Tier 3 stock assessment uses information available on the age structure of annual catches and annual total catch weight, as well as knowledge of basic biological parameters, e.g. natural mortality, length at age, weight at length, the stock recruitment relationship steepness, fecundity at age and selectivity at age. The catch control rule uses the ratio of the target exploitation rate to the actual exploitation rate as a multiplier on the current average catch to determine the RBC.

The Tier 4 assessment is based entirely on catch and CPUE. The Tier 4 analysis determines an RBC by selecting CPUE reference points that are taken as proxies for the estimated B_LIM and B_TARG. This is done by assuming that the CPUE is proportional to stock abundance, an assumption that is made in most SESSF assessments.

HCRs under each Tier of the HSF have been subject to robust simulation testing (e.g. Wayte, 2009) with results published in peer-reviewed journals (e.g. Little et al, 2011).

The status of fish stocks in the SESSF, and how they are tracking against the HSF, is reported to the relevant Resource Assessment Group (RAG), the relevant Management Advisory Committee (MAC) and AFMA Commission as part of the yearly TAC setting process.  The data used for input into the stock assessment process are collected by the observer-based Integrated Scientific Monitoring Program (ISMP), AFMA logbooks and Catch Disposal Records (CDRs) and periodic trawl-based Fishery Independent Surveys (FIS). Otoliths from the biological sampling are provided to a private contractor for ageing. All sampling and age data are provided to stock assessment scientists for analysis or reporting. Stock assessment reports are produced by CSIRO or other contracted assessment specialists and discussed by the RAG.  The outcomes of assessments are run against the HCRs in the HSF to produce recommended biological catch (RBC) amounts for each quota species.  Other sources of mortality, including an estimate of future discards, catch taken by other jurisdictions (e.g. State and recreational sectors) and a research catch allowance, are subtracted from the RBC to produce a Commonwealth TAC.

Each stock is assessed under the appropriate Tier level as advised by the relevant RAG. In mid-December, AFMA produces a position paper with recommended TACs for quota species for the upcoming fishing season, based on the stock assessments and RAG advice. The paper is distributed to interested parties and undergoes a public comment period. 

In early February, a MAC TAC Setting meeting is held where TAC recommendations are made.  The outcomes of the RAG and MAC together with the AFMA position paper and any public comments received, are then sent to the AFMA Commission to determine TACs for the upcoming fishing season in mid-February.

Blue-eye Trevalla is classified as a Tier 4 species, using catch and-effort data for the auto-longline and dropline fisheries. SERAG (2017) note that RBCs for the Blue-eye Trevalla stock are taken from MSE-tested harvest control rules and that if the standardized CPUE series is a reasonable index of relative abundance, the RBC will have a very low probability of causing a decline below the limit reference point.

The extent to which the existing harvest strategy is likely to maintain the stock at levels consistent with MSY or above is dependent on the extent of uncertainty in stock assessments.  Ordinarily a ‘discount factor’ is applied to Tier 4 RBCs to account for uncertainty, although SERAG recommended no discount be applied to Blue-eye Trevalla due to the conservative estimate of the RBC (due in part to unaccounted orca predation) and protection afforded the stock by fishing closures (SERAG, 2017). 

There are no significant discards or State catches (SERAG, 2017).

While uncertainty remains in assessments around discarding and hyperstability, assessments have been subject to continual improvement over time and SERAG considers the current assessment to be conservative.  Well-defined HCRs exist, have been MSE-tested and aim to maintain stocks at a target level above B_MSY.  In addition, clear tools are in place through the TAC/ITQ system to change levels of exploitation in response to changes in stock status.  Accordingly, notwithstanding a decrease in standardised CPUE in the past two years, there is a reasonable basis to conclude that the harvest strategy is designed to be responsive to the state of the stock and all of the elements work together to achieve the stock management objectives reflected in criterion 1A (i).

We note that a workshop to consider a new report on stock structure is scheduled for early 2018 and may have implications for Tier 4 assessments.  The outcomes of this work on the harvest strategy should be considered in future assessments.

(b) Shark-finning

NA

CRITERIA: (ii) There are well defined and effective harvest control rules (HCRs) and tools in place.

(a) HCR Design and application

LOW RISK

Blue-eye Trevalla is categorised as a Tier 4 stock under the SESSF HSF.  HCRs for the stock have been subject to management strategy evaluation (MSE) and shown to be consistent with the Commonwealth HSP (Wayte, 2009) which aims to maintain stocks at target levels consistent with MEY.  Despite its Tier 4 status, SERAG recommended no discount be applied to RBCs due to the conservative estimate of the RBC (due in part to unaccounted orca predation) and protection afforded the stock by fishing closures. Tools in the form of quota adjustments are in place to ensure exploitation can be reduced as PRI is approached.  Accordingly, well-defined HCRs an tools are in place which ensure exploitation is reduced as PRI is approached and are expected to keep the stock fluctuating at target levels consistent with MSY or above.  Uncertainty is considered by the RAG in recommending RBCs/TACs.  

1C: Information and Assessment

CRITERIA: (i) Relevant information is collected to support the harvest strategy.

(a) Range of information

LOW RISK

Comprehensive information on fleet composition, catch and other fishery-wide indicators is collected through the monitoring programs described in AFMA (2017).  Catch data are collected through compulsory logsheets and catch document records. 

For assessment purposes, it is assumed that there is one Australian Blue-eye Trevalla stock separate from the New Zealand stock(s). Genetic studies found no evidence of regional population structuring however, otolith microchemistry suggest that areas off New South Wales could be important for mixing (Georgeson et al. 2016b). A new report on stock structure was finalized in January 2017 and will inform a stock structure workshop scheduled for March 2018 (SERAG, 2017).

The biology of Blue-eye Trevalla is well understood, and is summarised in two FRDC reports (Baelde 1995; Paulovics and Williams 1995). As with all other Commonwealth fisheries, the composition of the fleet and the distribution of the catch are also well understood.

Notwithstanding the historical difficulties associated with understanding the impact of orca depredation and spatial closures on commercial CPUE, there is sufficient relevant information available for Blue-eye Trevalla to support the harvest strategy.

(b) Monitoring and comprehensiveness

LOW RISK

Generic monitoring arrangements in place for the SESSF are described in the HSF (AFMA, 2017).  These include:

Logbooks and catch records

AFMA requires fishers to record catch and effort information in logbooks at sea, and in catch disposal records (CDRs) which record the actual landed catch at port. CDRs are considered more accurate than logbook records.  Data recorded for each fishing operation includes: the port and date of departure and return; gear type and fishing method; number of fish kept and discarded; and resultant catch and product form (e.g. trunked, gutted, filleted, whole).

The Integrated Scientific Monitoring Program (ISMP)

A key component of the ISMP is the sampling and recording of catches at ports and on board fishing vessels using fishery-independent observers. The purpose of the ISMP is to provide reliable, verified and accurate information on the fishing catch, effort and practice of a wide range of vessels operating inside and, periodically, outside the Australian Fishing Zone.   Biological and environmental data are collected on: catch composition including size and weight; amount and type of incidental catch; number of fish kept and discarded; fate of target and non-target species; interactions with TEP species; and fishing effort.

Fishery Independent Surveys (FIS)

The FIS is an industry-based fishery-independent resource survey which provides a timeseries of relative abundance indices for key target species (e.g. Knuckey et al, 2015). A FIS has been conducted for key target species in the SESSF since 2008.  Biological and environmental data are collected such as: target species; catch rate (kg/shot); fishing method; and fishing depth. Information which provides a relative abundance index of other main byproduct and incidental catch species is also obtained.

Stock abundance is monitored through models of varying sophistication based on data availability for Tier 1, 3 and 4 species.  All UoA removals, including state catches and discards, are estimated in TAC decision making.

For Blue-eye Trevalla, stock abundance is regularly monitored consistent with the Tier 4 HCR (e.g. SERAG, 2017).  Abundance is assumed to be proportional to standradised CPUE from the dropline and autolongline fisheries.  There are a number of sources of uncertainty in the index of abundance including the effects of orca depredation and the impact of fishing closures introduced to protect gulper shark stocks.  However, SERAG considers the outcomes of the assessment conservative (SERAG, 2017).

Blue-eye Trevalla is also taken in the CTS and good information exists on stock removals.  There are no significant State catches or discards.

CRITERIA: (ii) There is an adequate assessment of the stock status.

(a) Stock assessment

LOW RISK

The assessment for Blue-eye Trevalla is a Tier 4 assessment and is based on standardized commercial CPUE data (Helidoniotis et al. 2017a). The assessment assumes one blue eye trevalla stock across the entire SESSF.  While the assessment is considered adequate to assess stock trends, there has historically been some uncertainty associated with the impacts that orca depredation and spatial closures for dogfish have had on CPUE trends in recent years. The standardized CPUE was re-assessed in 2015 using a revised catch per hook metric in the Tier 4 analysis in place of the previously used catch per record/day (AFMA, 2015b).  SlopeRAG considered the updated analysis to be a better reflection of CPUE in the early part of the fishery. The updated analysis confirmed that the previous Tier 4 assessment was conservative in nature, and that Blue-eye Trevalla are likely to be less depleted than the 2014 assessment indicated (SERAG, 2017).  Tier 4 assessments do not assess the probability of being below the reference point. However, the RAG considers the current assessment to be conservative.

Tier 4 species use CPUE targets as a proxy of biomass targets (AFMA, 2017). The Tier 4 target reference point is the level of CPUE assumed to produce a spawning biomass of 48 per cent of unfished levels. The limit reference point is 20 per cent of unfished levels.  Based on this information, the stock assessment appears to be appropriate for the stock and it is assessed against reference points that are appropriate for the stock and can be estimated.

(b) Uncertainty and Peer review

LOW RISK

Stock assessments for all Commonwealth managed stocks are subject to peer review and judgement (i.e., ability to reject the assessment) in the relevant RAG and MAC.

Blue eye trevalla is assessed using standardised CPUE only.  Considerable uncertainties have been identified in the historical CPUE time series (e.g. the impact of orca depredation, spatial closures for dogfish, changes in fisher behaviour and gear type; SlopeRAG, 2015), however some of the main uncertainties (e.g. influences of ‘catch per record’ CPUE) were addressed through the recent move to catch per hook based standardisation (AFMA, 2015b). Other key uncertainties (e.g. orca depredation) were assessed under alternative Tier 4 analyses.  Under these analyses, loss of catch due Orca interactions was treated as a discard (AFMA, 2015b). The Tier 4 with Orca-influenced catch rates suggested that the stock is more productive than the base case analysis that used non-whale affected catch rates. The RAG recommended that Orca-influenced catch rates not be applied to the Tier 4 analysis used to set the RBC. The RAG noted that the RBC will be a conservative estimate because these data are omitted. However, if depredation rates have declined exponentially that could explain the CPUE increase observed without any change in stock abundance. On this basis, it is arguable that uncertainties are taken into account, and the assessment is subject to a form of peer review through SERAG.

2A: Other Species

CRITERIA: (i) The UoA aims to maintain other species above the point where recruitment would be impaired (PRI) and does not hinder recovery of other species if they are below the PRI.

(a) Main other species stock status

The intent of this scoring issue is to examine the impact of the UoA on ‘main’ other species taken while harvesting the target species.  ‘Main’ is defined as any species which comprises >5% of the total catch (retained species + discards) by weight in the UoA, or >2% if it is a ‘less resilient’ species.  The aim is to maintain other species above the point where recruitment would be impaired and ensure that, for species below PRI, there are effective measures in place to ensure the UoA does not hinder recovery and rebuilding. Genfish (Eastern and Western stocks) is assessed under Component 1 in the full assessment report.

For this assessment, we have determined main other species from catch data for each gear type from 2010/11 to 2014/15 (AFMA, unpublished data). Where information on stock status for a species was not available, the relevant Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) scores are used to estimate risk of overfishing to each species.

Dropline/power handline

LOW RISK

To calculate catch composition we used reported retained and discarded catches for species taken using dropline and power handline gear.  In the five-year period from 2010/11 to 2014/15, Blue-eye Trevalla accounted for 82% of the combined catch.  No non-target species accounted for >5% of the catch, with the highest being hapuku at 4.5%.  Two shark species comprised >2% of the catch and could be considered ‘less resilient’ – bronze whaler (2.4%) and shortfin mako (2.2%).  Shortfin mako is assessed as an ETP species below. 

Bronze whaler

Average catches of bronze whaler across the five year period were approximately 1.3t per year.  No detailed stock assessment has been carried out for any of the populations of this species throughout its global distribution, because of insufficient biological and fishery data (e.g., catch at age etc.) (Jones 2008).  Nevertheless, catches of bronze whaler in the SESSF are monitored against trigger limits designed to detect targeted fishing (in the case of the upper limit) and population declines (in the case of the lower limit).  Catches for 2015-16 (5.8t) and 2016-17 (0.94t) were well below the lower trigger limit of 10t (SharkRAG, 2016).  However, SharkRAG noted that the reference limits were largely superseded by the AFMA ERA reports and recommended discontinuing the triggers without further action. Catches in the dropline and power handline sectors are very small in comparison to other Australian fisheries (e.g. the South Australian Marine Scalefish Fishery – between 40-90t during 2010-11 to 2014-15).  Although there is limited evidence of the population in relation to PRI, the SHS has measures in place (ERAs, catch monitoring, TACCs for target species which will indirectly serve to limit effort) that could be expected to ensure the fishery does not hinder recovery.  

Longline

LOW RISK

Auto longline has become the predominant gear type for the fishery, with 90% of the total Blue-eye Trevalla catch harvested by this gear type in 2014/15. Over the five-year period from 2010/11 to 2014/15, 30% of the total catch was Blue-eye Trevalla, 44% was pink ling and 8% was ribaldo.

Pink Ling

Although genetic variation between eastern and western pink ling has not been found (Ward et al. 2001), differences in catch-rate trends, and size and age (Morison et al. 2013), indicate that there are either two separate stocks, or that exchange between eastern and western components of the pink ling stock is low and thus they are managed as separate stocks.  AFMA has management arrangements in place to constrain catches of the eastern stock to the eastern catch limit, although total catches of pink ling are managed under a single TAC.

Pink ling has been assessed using quantitative, model-based (tier 1) stock assessments since 2003.  Although a number of versions of the model have been developed by different authors, SlopeRAG agreed to use a model developed by Cordue (Cordue, 2013) as the base-case model for providing advice (Georgeson et al, 2016a). The Cordue (2013) assessment was most recently updated in 2015 (Cordue, 2015). The updated assessment estimated the eastern stock biomass in 2015 to be 0.30 B₀. Thus, for the eastern stock there is evidence that the stock is highly likely to be above PRI. The updated assessment (Cordue, 2015) estimated the western stock biomass in 2015 to be 0.72 B₀. Accordingly, there is good evidence that the western stock is also highly likely to be above PRI.

Ribaldo

Ribaldo is assessed as a Tier 4 species, with the most recent assessment was revised in 2013 with CPUE data to 2012 (Haddon 2013b; in Helidoniotis et al, 2017a).

Helidoniotis et al (2016a) report that standardised CPUE has remained stable or increased and has remained above the target level for the last decade.  On this evidence, it is highly likely that Ribaldo stocks remain above PRI.

CRITERIA: (ii) There is a strategy in place that is designed to maintain or to not hinder rebuilding of other species.

(a) Management strategy in place

All gear types

LOW RISK

The following arrangements form the framework for the monitoring and management of main other species:

• SESSF Management Plan 2009
• SESSF Harvest Strategy Framework (AFMA, 2017)
• Commonwealth Policy on Fisheries Bycatch 2000
• Ecological Risk Assessments for the autolongline sector (AFMA, 2014a)
• SESSF Ecological Risk Management Strategy 2015 (AFMA, 2015c)
• Spatial closures to fishing under fisheries legislation, as well as closures under the South East Marine Protected Area network.
• Monitoring through logbooks and catch disposal records (CDRs)
• Monitoring through VMS; and
• Observer coverage (including e-monitoring).

Risks for the auto-longline fishery are well managed, with risks to teleost species from autolonglining assessed through an ERA and the outcomes considered in the SESSF ERM Strategy.  Both main other species harvested by the fishery are managed individually as retained species within the SESSF, and are above the PRI. Dropline gear is highly selective, with 84% of the catch comprising Blue-eye Trevalla and no other species accounting for >5% of the catch. For power handline gear, while bronze whalers did comprise 6% of the total catch, the impact of this sector is accounted for in the assessment of cumulative impacts in the SESSF. The relatively low catch of the species by this gear type is not likely to hinder the recovery of the species.

Accordingly, for all three gear types, the measures in place constitute at least a partial strategy that is expected to maintain main other species at levels which are highly likely to be above PRI.

(b) Management strategy evaluation

All gear types

LOW RISK

For autolongline gear, the outcomes of the ERA and periodic stock assessments of the main other species provide an objective basis for confidence that the measures in place will work and are being implemented successfully.  For dropline/power handline gear, the highly selective nature of the gear and the very low catch rates of other species provide an objective basis for confidence that the measures in place will work.  

(c) Shark-finning

MEDIUM RISK

Shark finning at-sea is illegal in Commonwealth fisheries. All fisheries are subject to Fisheries Management Regulation 9ZO that makes it an offence for the caudal lobe, caudal fin, pectoral fin and dorsal fin to be removed from the shark at sea before it is in the possession of a fish receiver.  No specific information was available on compliance rates with finning provisions.  We have scored this SI medium risk on the basis that no observer coverage was recorded in the SHS in 2016-17 (Helidoniotis et al, 2017a) to allow for external validation of compliance.

CRITERIA: (iii) Information on the nature and amount of other species taken is adequate to determine the risk posed by the UoA and the effectiveness of the strategy to manage other species.

(a) Information

All gear types

LOW RISK

The SHS sector of the SESSF is relatively data-rich, with quantitative information available to adequately assess the impact of the UoA on other species. Information includes:

• Level 1 and Level 2 PSA ERA (Webb et al. 2004);
• Level 3 SAFE ERA (Zhou et al. 2012);
• Residual Risk Assessment for teleost species in the autolongline sector (AFMA, 2014a);
• Ecological Risk Management Strategy for the Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (AFMA 2015c).
• Logbook data, Catchwatch reports and reported landed data;
• Periodic assessments of main other species stock status;
• Observer reports through the ISMP (albeit no observer coverage was reported in the SHS sector in 2016-17).

These measures provide quantitative information that is sufficient to assess the impact of the UoAs on main other species with respect to status and to support measures to manage impacts. 

2B: Endangered Threatened and/or Protected (ETP) Species

CRITERIA: (i) The UoA meets national and international requirements for protection of ETP species.
The UoA does not hinder recovery of ETP species.

(a) Effects of the UoA on populations/stocks

Species assessed against this PI are those that:

• are listed as ETP species under the EPBC Act; OR
• are listed as ‘conservation dependent’ under the EPBC Act; OR
• are listed under relevant international agreements; and
• have been assessed as high risk or greater during the ERA process and have known interactions with the UoA.

ETP species interactions are required to be reported in fisher logbooks and reported quarterly on the AFMA website.  Although observer records are likely to be a more accurate reflection of ETP species interactions, quantitative data on interactions with each gear type were not found.  Accordingly, for this report, 12 Quarterly reports (i.e. 1 April 2014 to 31 March 2017) were assessed to determine the species and extent of interactions for the auto-longline, longline and dropline fisheries of the SESSF Gillnet Hook and Trap Sector (GHTS), noting that these data include longline fisheries that target both scalefish and sharks (i.e. a different sector).  

Table 2 provides a summary of ETP interactions reported into logbooks for the 3-year period up to 31 March 2017. Of the 260 total interactions, 221 were from auto-longline shots. Mako sharks comprised more than half of all interactions (136), with seabirds around one-third (85). Longline interactions were relatively rare (31 total); almost half of the interactions comprised of great white sharks (9) and seals (6). There was one killer whale interaction during the last 3 years (auto-longline). The majority of reported interactions were mortalities. No separate data was available for power handline gear, although we have assumed that interactions in this sector are likely to similar or less than the dropline sector.

Table 2: Summary of reported ETP interactions from 1 April 2014 to 31 March 2017 (data source AFMA website).

Gear	Killer Whale	Seal	Seabirds	Great White Shark	Porbeagle	Mako shark	Total
Auto-longline	1	1	81	0	22	116	221
Dropline	0	0	0	0	0	8	8
Longline	0	6	4	9	0	12	31
Total	1	7	85	9	22	136	260

Three additional species / species groups are considered here as ETPs: Eastern Gemfish, upper slope dogfish and school shark, all of which are caught by the SHS, are currently considered overfished, and are subject to rebuilding strategies.  In the case of Eastern Gemfish, although the stock considered as a Component 1 species in this assessment, would be considered an ETP species for the UoAs including Blue-eye Trevalla as the target species.

Dropline

LOW RISK

Shortfin Mako (Low risk)

Shortfin mako is listed under the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) and as a result was listed as ‘migratory’ under Australia’s EPBC Act in January 2010. While there are no international catch limits as a result of the CMS listing, the ‘migratory’ listing under the EPBC Act makes commercial targeting of this species an offence (albeit there are exemptions where species are taken as bycatch under accredited management plans [Bruce 2013]. For example, in the SESSF, any mako caught as bycatch and still alive when brought to the vessel must be released under these provisions; any specimen that is dead may be retained provided doing so does not contravene bycatch limits for sharks).

There is no information on the status of shortfin mako in relation to PRI, however the species was assessed as high risk in the Residual Risk analysis on the basis that “average annual logbook catch for this species 2001-2008 is approximately 2.4 t per year. This species was assessed under the Level 3 SAFE methodology and was found to be at High Risk, consequently, Residual Risk remains High.” Populations are declining throughout this species range.

The Gillnet, Hook and Trap sector of the SESSF has the second largest bycatch of mako sharks in Australian Commonwealth fisheries behind the Eastern Tuna and Billfish Fishery. For the period 2000 to 2006, the annual average mako shark captures for the entire SESSF was 2.36 t. These estimates are based on using available observer data and scaled, using the overall logbook effort data, to provide annual estimates.

Reference limits have been used to monitor the catch of Shortfin Mako. SharkRAG have set an upper reference limit of 5 t across all sector, intended to detect targeted fishing. Total catches in 2015-16 and 2016-17 were 1.6t and <0.5t respectively (SharkRAG, 2016).   

While the effect of the UoAs on Shortfin Mako stocks is unknown, given the very low overall catch in the context of global catches (e.g. the Spanish pelagic longline fishery for swordfish and sharks is estimated to take between 600-700 t of shortfin makos; Mejuto et al. 2007 in Cailliet et al.  2009) it is likely the prohibition on targeting and monitoring through reference limits means the UoA is highly likely to not hinder recovery.

Longline

MEDIUM RISK

The species below are considered on the basis of combined autolongline and longline ETP species interaction reports.  These data are not separated into target species or depth range.  Given longlines are used to target other species (e.g. sharks) in different areas, this may result in an over-representation of ETP species interactions.  Should information more specific to the UoAs assessed here become available, this will be considered in future assessments.

Whales (Low risk)

The areas fished by the SESSF overlap with the distributions of several whale species, including killer whales. Entanglements between whales and gear types such as longlines, droplines, traps etc that use considerable lengths of rope do occur occasionally, and can result in mortality. Killer whale depredation of Blue-eye Trevalla is known to occur in the SHS fisheries, and it is believed to be so common that it affects commercial CPUE (SERAG, 2017). However, while the frequency of interaction could be considered high, only one mortality has been reported in the last three years. Orca is listed as a migratory species (i.e. not threatened or endangered).  Given that only one mortality has been reported in three years, the fishery is highly likely to not hinder recovery of the species.

Fur Seals (Australian and New Zealand) (Low risk)

The areas fished by the SESSF overlap with the distributions of the Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus), New Zealand fur seal (A. forsteri) and Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea). Fur seal populations have recovered substantially following heavy harvesting in the 18th and 19th centuries, with conservative best estimates of current abundance of 87,424 (S.E. 10,415) published in 2016 (Mackay et al. 2016). Australian sea lions are currently listed under the EPBC Act as vulnerable and there is a formal recovery strategy in place under the EPBC Act (DSEWPC, 2013a). Interactions with both Australian and New Zealand fur seals were reported in the last three years for the SHS.

Mackay et al. (2016) estimated Potential Biological Removal (PBR), which is, conceptually, the maximum number of anthropogenic mortalities a marine mammal population can sustain while still allowing that “stock” to reach or maintain its optimum sustainable population. The method is sensitive to a range of recovery factors (RF) with estimates of PBR ranging from 2,623 to 4,721 for RF values of 0.5 to 0.9, respectively. In other words, the population could sustain human induced mortalities of at least 2,600 seals annually with a high degree of confidence in this measure.

Over 90% of the total effort in the SHS is auto-longline, and only 1 seal interaction has been reported during the past three years for that sub-fishery. While the rate of reporting is much higher in the longline sub-fishery (6 in 3 years), given the PBR of these species and the low effort in the longline sub-fishery, it appears highly likely that the effects of the SHS on the species will not hinder recovery.

Seabirds (Medium risk)

The use of auto-longlines in the SESSF Gillnet Hook and Trap Sector has raised concerns about the potential for interactions with seabirds, including albatrosses and shearwaters. New measures have been implemented to assist industry to meet the Seabird Threat Abatement Plan (TAP) (DoE, 2014a). The seabird TAP was first developed in 1998, then reviewed and updated in 2006 and 2014. In the SESSF, the criteria to meet this objective is a bycatch level of less than 0.01 birds per 1000 hooks. Reported mortality is significantly less than the national limit. No seabird species were scored high risk in the Residual Risk Assessment for non-teleost and non-chondrichthyan species, although a number were rated moderate risk (AFMA, 2012).  The scoring for the Residual Risk Assessment reported that compliance with TAP measures amongst the autolongline sector was high.  Helidoniotis et al (2017b) reported that the levels of seabird bycatch recorded by auto-longline, demersal longline, dropline and trotline operators in the SESSF are low compared with those in other pelagic longline fisheries that target tuna and billfish.  Although species specific information on interactions in recent years was not found, the outcomes of the ERA (which took into account observer information) suggests that current rates of interaction are at least likely to not hinder recovery.

White Shark (Medium risk)

A recent study estimated the total size of the eastern Australian and New Zealand population of White Sharks to be 2,500–6,750 individuals (Hillary et al, 2018).  This is the first estimate of total population size, so recent trends in status are unknown.  White sharks are listed as vulnerable (and protected) under Commonwealth legislation, and the species is fully protected in the coastal waters of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia; and protected in the coastal waters of New South Wales and Queensland with exemptions made for shark control measures for bather protection (e.g. beach meshing and/or drumlining) in these two states.

A Recovery Plan for white sharks was developed in 2002 and updated in 2013 (DSEWPC, 2013b).  The plan aims to:

• improve the population status, leading to future removal of the white shark from the threatened species list of the EPBC Act; and
• ensure that anthropogenic activities do not hinder recovery in the near future, or impact on the conservation status of the species in the future.

Key actions are focused on better understanding trends in White Shark populations and monitoring and reducing interactions across all sectors, including commercial fishing.   The plan was developed with the input of shark experts and relevant stakeholders.  To that end, although there is uncertainty as to whether White Sharks are below PRI or whether the existing level of catch would hinder recovery, the SHS has measures in place expected to ensure the UoA does not hinder recovery.

Porbeagle (Low risk)

An average of 84kg of Porbeagle was retained annually in the Gillnet, Hook and Trap (GHAT) sector of the SESSF (which includes the SHS) between 2013 and 2015.  While limited information is available on Porbeagle populations in the southern hemisphere (Stevens et al, 2018), the retained catch in the GHAT is orders of magnitude smaller than reported catches in other jurisdictions (e.g. New Zealand reported catch between 1998 and 2003 was between 150t and 300t per year). The current level of catch in the GHAT appears highly likely to not hinder recovery of this species.

School shark (Medium risk)

Recent genetic research (Hernández et al. 2015) supports the notion of a single New Zealand/Australia stock with a high level of connectivity within both New Zealand and Australian waters. This conclusion is supported by intensive tagging efforts.

School Shark is currently listed as overfished and it is uncertain whether overfishing is occurring (Marton and Koduah, 2017). Results from the most recent full quantitative assessment in 2009 estimated biomass levels to be below 20% of unfished levels although the assessment is uncertain. Marton and Koduah (2017) report that “in 2012, the 2009 assessment was rerun with additional catch data for the years 2009 to 2012 (Thomson 2012), specifically to estimate recovery timeframes for the stock under a range of future incidental catch levels and to investigate the impact of a proposed auto-longline fishery in South Australia. Under a zero catch scenario, the stock was projected to rebuild to 0.2B₀ within 23 years, assuming that the gear selectivity and spatial and temporal distribution of catches are similar to that in 2011. At a constant catch of 250t, the stock was projected to rebuild to 0.2B₀ in 80 years, and a catch of 275 t was projected to collapse the stock.”

Marton and Koduah (2017) also report that there may be signs that School Shark Biomass may be increasing.  These include a preliminary index of abundance based on trawl CPUE, which estimates a generally increasing trend (Sporcic 2016; in Marton and Koduah, 2017), an increase in the catch of small sharks reported through the ISMP and preliminary results of survey work by the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS) in school shark pupping areas off Tasmania indicate higher numbers of pups than during the 1990s (McAllister et al. 2015; in Marton and Koduah, 2017). Industry participants on SharkRAG have also reported signs of increasing availability of school shark, including increasing presence of juvenile school shark and increasing difficulty in avoiding school shark.

School Shark is subject to a current Rebuilding Strategy (AFMA, 2014b) which aims to rebuild the stock to the limit reference point of 20 per cent of unfished biomass within a biologically reasonable timeframe of three generation times (66 years).  The Strategy allows for zero targeted fishing and sets TACs to allow for incidental catches taken while targeting gummy sharks. Currently the TAC is set at 215t. The plan also contains additional measures including:

• closures to all confirmed pupping grounds;
• closure of known school shark habitat through a blanket closure of all Victorian coastal waters and through the closure of specific school shark nursery areas in Tasmania;
• closure of waters deeper than 183m depth (gillnet closure); waters shallower than 183m (automatic longline); Kangaroo Island 1nm closure (gillnet, shark longline); Backstairs Passage closure (gillnet); 3nm Victor Harbour to the Victorian border (gillnet, shark longline); and the Tasmanian west coast 130m closure (gillnet and shark hook)

While there is uncertainty in the stock assessment and some discarding data, it is likely that the stock is below PRI.  Nevertheless, there are a large range of measures in place that could be expected to ensure that the fishery does not hinder recovery. Catches are likely below the TAC accounting for discarding, and there appears to be some preliminary evidence of recovery.  Accordingly, the unit of assessment meets the medium risk SG. However, given the difficulties in identifying a reliable indicator of abundance in recent years and the uncertainties in assessment, it is not clear that the recovery strategy has been demonstrably effective consistent with low risk or that the evidence of recovery is sufficient to meet low risk.   Nevertheless, close kin genetic methods for estimating absolute biomass and IMAS surveys of school shark neonates in key nursery ground may provide demonstrable evidence of recovery in future.

Eastern Gemfish (Medium risk)

Eastern Gemfish are classified as overfished however the catch taken by autolongliners (around 5 t annually) is small in comparison to the 100t incidental catch limit in the rebuilding plan.  On its own the autolongline catch is unlikely to hinder recovery. 

Upper-slope Dogfishes (Gulper sharks) (Medium risk)

Upper-slope gulper sharks were targeted in the SESSF, GABTF and NSW trawl fisheries in the 1980s and 1990s and this resulted in the stocks being substantially depleted. Targeted fishing appeared to have effectively ceased in 2002, due to declining catch rates (Wilson et al. 2009), but very small quantities are still taken as byproduct (within trip limits).

Given the depleted state of the species (estimated to be <5–10 per cent of unfished levels on the upper slope off New South Wales, and unknown in other areas) the level of fishing mortality was considered too high to enable rebuilding, and three species of upper-slope gulper sharks (Harrison’s, Southern and Endeavour dogfish) were nominated for listing under the EPBC Act in 2008. The Endeavour Dogfish was found to be ineligible for listing in 2011 and consideration of the nomination of the other two species was extended until June 2012. In 2013, Harrison’s and Southern Dogfish were listed as ‘conservation dependent’ after meeting the eligibility Criterion for the ‘endangered’ listing. A rebuilding strategy is a requirement of the listing.

Helidoniotis et al (2017a) reported that:

• “AFMA released the draft Upper-Slope Dogfish Management Strategy in 2009, which protected several areas of known occurrence of dogfish, and implemented daily catch and trip limits (AFMA 2009b). The strategy was reviewed by Musick (2011) and found to be inadequate to ensure recovery of Harrisson’s, southern and endeavour dogfish, and greeneye spurdog, with fishing mortality still exceeding estimated sustainable levels. The strategy was subsequently revised in 2012, following research on depletion rates of upper-slope dogfish subpopulations (Williams et al. 2013), with a recovery objective of rebuilding Harrisson’s and southern dogfish stocks to 25 per cent of their original carrying capacity. Williams et al. (2013) examined the amount of core habitat area for Harrisson’s and southern dogfish that would be protected under a proposed closure network designed to meet this objective. Under the closure network, it is estimated that, in AFMA-managed waters, 25 per cent of the core habitat of Harrisson’s dogfish on the continental shelf and slope, 16.2 per cent of the core habitat of the eastern population of southern dogfish and 24.3 per cent of the core habitat of the central population of southern dogfish would be protected (from trawling and/or demersal longline fishing). These closures were implemented in February 2013. Additional closures were subsequently implemented on the Tasmanian seamounts (Queensland, Britannia and Derwent Hunter) overlaying the Murray and Freycinet Commonwealth marine reserves (areas that allow access to line fishing) (AFMA 2014b)”; and
• “Measures to further reduce fishing mortality include a combined trigger limit of three Harrisson’s dogfish and/or southern dogfish; a zero retention limit for greeneye spurdog, and Harrisson’s, southern and endeavour dogfish; and guidelines for handling practices. In 2014, a research and monitoring workplan was developed to establish methods for monitoring the rebuilding of dogfish abundance.”

It is also worth noting that post-capture survival is potentially high in the autolongline sector (subject to fishing gear soak time and handling practices) with a preliminary study by CSIRO estimating post-capture survival at 60–93 per cent for the 70 southern dogfish tagged and released in one study (Williams et al., 2013).

Helidoniotis et al (2017a) classified gulper sharks as overfished on the basis of substantial depletion of Harrisson’s and southern dogfish in areas of southern and eastern Australia and an absence of evidence to indicate the stock had recovered above the limit reference point.  Moreover, they reported that “The level of reported catch (including discards) has declined over the past decade, and was very low in the 2015–16 and 2016–17 fishing seasons (<1 t and 0.3 t, respectively). However, there is potential for unreported or underestimated discards, based on the large degree of overlap of current fishing effort with the core range of the species. Low levels of mortality can pose a risk for such depleted populations. Although it has been estimated that the closures implemented in 2013 will protect 16.2–25 per cent of the core distribution areas of these species, no evidence has yet been obtained showing rebuilding, and the effect of the closures remains to be seen. As a result, gulper sharks are classified as uncertain with respect to the level of fishing mortality. Resolution of stock structure may result in one or more of the subpopulations being classified as not subject to overfishing.”

Based on the above, it is highly likely that gulper sharks are below PRI, however there are measures in place that could be expected to ensure that the UoA does not hinder recovery and rebuilding. No evidence is yet available to indicate recovery, nor that the strategy is yet demonstrably effective.  Accordingly, the UoAs cannot score low risk.

CRITERIA: (ii) The UoA has in place precautionary management strategies designed to:

• meet national and international requirements; and
• ensure the UoA does not hinder recovery of ETP species.

(a) Management strategy in place

LOW RISK

Under the Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery Management Plan 2003, AFMA is required to ensure that information is gathered about the impact of fishing on bycatch species and that all reasonable steps are taken to minimise incidental interactions with ETP species. ETP species that are identified as ‘high risk’ by the ERA are dealt with through the SESSF Ecological Risk Management Strategy (AFMA, 2015c). The Strategy is integrated into the management arrangements for the fishery, and incorporates the outcomes of the ERAs for the autolongline sector.  Given the low impacts of the ever-reducing dropline sector, and the existing management measures for ETP interactions for the SESSF as listed below, there is limited need for separate bycatch and discarding plans for these sectors.

Fishers are required to take all reasonable steps to avoid interactions with protected species (other than those listed as ‘conservation dependent’) and report all interactions in their logbooks. An interaction is defined as any physical contact that a person, boat or gear has with a protected species, including catching and colliding with any of these species. AFMA reports all interactions with protected species recorded in logbooks to the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy on a quarterly basis and the information is made publicly available online. As long as operators are fishing in accordance with the accredited fishery management arrangements, it is not an offence to interact with a protected species. However, it is an offence for fishing operators not to report these interactions in their AFMA logbook. The level of logbook reporting is verified independently through observer coverage.

AFMA has developed management strategies and rebuilding strategies for some ETP species. These strategies outline management arrangements to minimise the impact of fishing on these species. The strategies involve unique management arrangements tailored to reducing interactions with each species. Arrangements can include things such as area closures, gear restrictions, monitoring requirements or trigger limits.

Strategies relevant to ETP species in this report include:

• Australian Sea Lion Management Strategy
• Seal Strategy (interaction management)
• Seabird Threat Abatement Plan
• School Shark Stock Rebuilding Strategy
• White shark recovery plan
• Upper slope dogfish recovery strategy
• Eastern Gemfish recovery strategy

Other strategies/plan relevant to ETP interactions by the UoA include:

• National Plan of Actions (Sharks) – Shark Plan 2
• Report on ‘Advice of the listing of CITES Appendix II sharks’
• SESSF Management Plan
• SESSF Ecological Risk Management Strategy
• Reference limits for high risk species to detect targeting and/or population decline.

Information is available through commercial catch and effort returns, independent observer coverage, ecological risk assessments and targeted studies.

Collectively, these measures form a strategy designed to meet national and international obligations, and to ensure the unit of assessment does not hinder the recovery of ETP species.

(b) Management strategy implementation

LOW RISK

Requirements for fishermen to avoid interactions, ecological risk assessments, species specific analysis (e.g. school shark rebuilding, Eastern Gemfish recovery plan), observer information and compulsory logbook reporting demonstrating evidence of relatively low rates of interactions with most ETP species provide some objective basis for confidence that the strategy in place will work.

For example, in the case of school sharks, considerable species-specific modelling has been undertaken to predict recovery times based on alternative management strategies (e.g. Thomson, 2012; Huveneers et al, 2013). The most recent stock assessment (Thomson, 2012) found that School Shark would not rebuild to 20% of unfished level (Bl_im) in 32 years even if fishing mortality was zero. As such, the new Rebuilding Strategy (2014) stipulates the new rebuilding timeframe, with an annual mortality of 215 t to recover biomass to above B_lim in 66 years (three generation times). Despite uncertainties, modelling indicates that the recovery plan should achieve its targets. Some evidence of stock recovery also exists, albeit preliminary, through IMAS neonate surveys in key nursery areas.

In the case of gulper sharks, recent assessments indicate that the recovery strategy has at least arrested the population decline.

CRITERIA: (iii) Relevant information is collected to support the management of UoA impacts on ETP species, including:

• information for the development of the management strategy;
• information to assess the effectiveness of the management strategy; and
• information to determine the outcome status of ETP species.

(a) Information

LOW RISK

 

The primary sources of information on ETP species interactions include compulsory commercial fisher reporting in logbooks, observer coverage through the ISMP and targeted studies on specific species (e.g. school sharks, upper slope dogfishes).  Catch and effort information is also available for commercially important ‘conservation dependent’ listed species (e.g. Eastern Gemfish).

To assist fishers accurately identify protected species, AFMA has produced the following guides:

• Protected species identification guide
• Shark and Ray eBook
• Seabird identity guide

The rate of observer coverage has varied in the past few years from 78 fishing days in the autolongline sector in 2014-15, to 12 fishing days in 2015-16, to zero coverage in 2016-17. Onboard cameras are being trialled in some SESSF fisheries as a way of monitoring bycatch of ETP species and may be used to gather information; however this work is subject to further trials.

Information available on the distribution of ETP species within the fishery area, together with information on their biological characteristics and rates of interaction through logbooks and the ISMP, has allowed an assessment of the likely impacts on ETP species through ecological risk assessments.  Three types of ecological risk assessments have been undertaken in this fishery (e.g. AFMA, 2012; AFMA, 2014a).  ERAs have focused on the autolongline sector, which is likely to have the highest rates of effort and interaction.  Specific ERAs have not been completed for the dropline and power handline sectors, although rates of interaction are thought to be low.

For several ETP species, detailed quantitative information is available modelling population dynamics, current status and likely recovery times (e.g. Australian Fur seals, School Sharks, Eastern Gemfish, upper slope dogfish).   

In general, at least some level of quantitative information is available on ETP species interactions which has been adequate to assess likely UoA related mortality through the ERA process or more detailed quantitative analyses, and to support strategies to manage impacts.    Accordingly, we have scored this SI low risk.  Nevertheless, we note the decline in observer coverage over the past few years, with nil coverage in the autolongline sector in 2016-17.  Given the potential for under-reporting of ETP species interactions in fisher logbooks, the absence of observer coverage on an ongoing basis (without some replacement mechanism to monitor interactions), may limit the ability to assess impacts and detect increased risk.

2C: Habitats

CRITERIA: (i) The UoA does not cause serious or irreversible harm to habitat structure and function, considered on the basis of the area(s) covered by the governance body(s) responsible for fisheries management

(a) Habitat status

Examples of “serious or irreversible harm” to habitats include the loss (extinction) of habitat types, depletion of key habitat forming species or associated species to the extent that they meet criteria for high risk of extinction, and significant alteration of habitat cover/mosaic that causes major change in the structure or diversity of the associated species assemblages (MSC, 2014). Further, MSC specifies that if a habitat extends beyond the area fished then the full range of the habitat should be considered when evaluating the effects of the fishery. The ‘full range’ of a habitat shall include areas that may be spatially disconnected from the area affected by the fishery and may include both pristine areas and areas affected by other fisheries.

Dropline/Power handline

LOW RISK

Droplines and power handlines are considered “passive” gear types, with the risk to benthic habitats being minimal/negligible. Line weights can disturb sediments and move rocks although the footprint of disturbance is usually negligible in the context of the habitat encountered. Although the impact of dropline/power handline gear has not been investigated in detail in the SESSF, there is a plausible argument that the very low levels of effort in these sectors, the small footprint of the gear and the generally benign nature of the gear type means that this unit of assessment is probably highly unlikely to reduce habitat structure and function to the point of serious of irreversible harm.

Longline

MEDIUM RISK

A habitat risk assessment has been conducted for the SESSF that includes the Scalefish Hook Sector (Hobday et al. 2011). Of the 149 habitat types assessed, 17 were assessed to be at high risk, 98 medium, and 34 low. Of the high risk habitats, 2 were on the outer shelf (100-200 m) and 15 on the upper slope (200-700 m) (Hobday et al. 2011). AFMA (2015c) noted that “there are several habitat types that are at least potentially at risk from automatic longline fishing. A key uncertainty is the effect of movement of the main line itself on large, erect and fragile epifauna. Areas closed to fishing are likely the most effective way to mitigate risk from fishing.”

All areas shallower than 183m are closed to auto-longlining, while representative areas of biodiversity have been closed to fishing under the Commonwealth South East Marine Protected Areas (SE MPAs).  The extent to which the auto-longline sector interacts with high risk habitats on the upper slope does not appear to have been further investigated following the Level 2 risk assessment, although the array of closures in place and the relatively benign nature of longline fishing suggests it is at least unlikely that the UoA would reduce habitat structure and function to the point of serious or irreversible harm.

CRITERIA: (ii) There is a strategy in place that is designed to ensure the UoA does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to the habitats.

(a) Management strategy in place

All sectors

LOW RISK

The management ‘strategy’ relevant to habitats consists of mapping habitats, using ERAs to identify high risk activities over sensitive habitats, closing areas and depth zones, and using VMS to monitor interactions.

Seabed habitat mapping within the SESSF is extensive (Williams et al., 2006), and the ERAEF report (Hobday et al. 2007) concluded that spatial management (specific spatial closures) may be an appropriate way to protect vulnerable habitats from the impacts of all gear types in the UoA region. Depth closures implemented to protect school and gummy shark stocks have indirectly afforded protection to this vulnerable habitat.

There are fourteen marine reserves in the South-east that are managed under the South-east Commonwealth Marine Reserves Network Management Plan 2013-23[1]. This Management Plan sets out the zoning, allowable activities and rules for use within South-east marine reserves until 2023.  Commercial fishing is prohibited in most zoning types.

There are also a series of depth closures in the fishery to aid School shark recovery, and upper slope dogfish recovery, and these may indirectly afford some level of habitat protections. These measures are likely to be considered at least a partial strategy that is expected to achieve the criterion in 2C(i).

[1] http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/marine/marine-reserves/south-east

(b) Management strategy implementation

Dropline/Power handline

LOW RISK

For the dropline/power handline sectors, the benign nature of the gear type together with the very limited spatial footprint of the fishery provides some objective basis for confidence that the measures in place will avoid serious or irreversible harm to the main habitats encountered.  Although the sectors have been subject to limited analysis in the context of habitat impacts, quantitative evidence of low levels of fishing effort and spatial footprint of the fishery are available from logbook and VMS information.  

Longline

MEDIUM RISK

For the auto-longline sector, the existing closures in place could be considered likely to work based on plausible argument, although additional analysis of the footprint of the fishery over the high-risk habitats identified through the ERA process may be required to meet the low risk SG.  Given the VMS data available and the habitat mapping available in the South-East area, we expect this could be achieved.

CRITERIA: (iii) Information is adequate to determine the risk posed to the habitat by the UoA and the effectiveness of the strategy to manage impacts on the habitat.

(a) Information quality

All sectors

LOW RISK

The nature, distribution and vulnerability of the main habitats in the UoA are known. Habitat information in the SESSF has been collected by Bax & Williams (2001) and Williams et al. (2006), and habitats impacts for other sectors within the SESSF (e.g. CTS) have been investigated in detail (e.g. Pitcher et al, 2015). The ERA (Level 2 PSA) identified the presence of vulnerable habitat types that occur in the region of the UoA. VMS information on the spatial extent of fishing and periodic observer coverage provides detect increased risk from the fishery.

(b) Information and monitoring adequacy

All sectors

MEDIUM RISK

Information through ERAs, observer information and habitat mapping (e.g. Williams et al, 2006) is sufficient to detect the main impacts on the main habitats. VMS and logbook data and observer information on gear usage provide reliable information on the spatial extent of the fishery, although the overlap between current effort and high risk habitats does not appear to have been analysed.

2D: Ecosystems

CRITERIA: (i) The UoA does not cause serious or irreversible harm to the key elements of ecosystem structure and function.

(a) Ecosystem Status

All sectors

LOW RISK

Serious or irreversible harm in the ecosystem context should be interpreted in relation to the capacity of the ecosystem to deliver ecosystem services (MSC, 2014). Examples include trophic cascades, severely truncated size composition of the ecological community, gross changes in species diversity of the ecological community, or changes in genetic diversity of species caused by selective fishing.

The risks that the SHS sectors pose to the sustainability of the marine ecosystems in which it operates have been investigated through a series of Ecological Risk Assessments. The Ecological Risk Assessment for the Effects of Fishing (ERAEF) employed for the fishery was a four-step process:

• Level 1 analysis (SICA – Scale Intensity Consequence Analysis) (Webb et al. 2004);
• Level 2 analysis (PSA – Productivity Susceptibility Analysis);
• Level 2 analysis (Residual risk PSA);
• Level 3 analysis (SAFE – Sustainability Assessment for Fishing Effects) (Zhou et al. 2007; 2012);

In addition to these assessments, an ERA extension to assess cumulative effects of fishing on species (Zhou et al. 2013) was completed.

The Level 1 SICA ERA (Webb et al. 2004) examined 5 community units for each sector and found no communities to be at high risk. These outcomes are sufficient to provide a plausible argument that the UoAs are at least unlikely to disrupt the key elements of the ecosystem.

Gear loss occurs very infrequently. The fishery management plan requires operators to take all reasonable steps to minimise loss of gear, and a longline can be retrieved from the other end if a buoy-line or longline breaks. If both ends break, the line can be located using GPS and retrieved using grapnels. The total area affected compared with the range of the fishery is small (< 1 nm2) (Webb et al., 2004). Despite some uncertainty in the impacts of auto-longline on sensitive habitats, on balance the SHS appears to pose minimal risk to the structure and function of the ecosystem.

CRITERIA: (ii) There are measures in place to ensure the UoA does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to ecosystem structure and function.

(a) Management strategy in place

LOW RISK

The UoA has a number of measures in place to restrain impacts on the ecosystem. These include:

• Harvest strategies for the target stock and some non-quota species;
• Gear restrictions;
• Spatial closures (including representative Marine Protected Areas);
• Ongoing monitoring (observer coverage and logbook assessment);
• Seabed mapping project in collaboration with fishers to identify the vulnerable habitats;
• Research and modelling into the trophic ecology of southern Australia;
• Periodic ecological risk assessments.

Spatial closures to all hook operations provide a refuge for species and their habitat from the effects of fishing. A series of spatial closures have been developed in south eastern Australia and the SESSF Management Booklet sets out those relevant to the SESSF[1].

All reports and ERAs are available on the AFMA website. While the majority of ecological risk management actions implemented to date have been species based, future reviews of the Ecological Risk Assessment process is expected to expand in focus to include impact on marine habitats and communities that may be impacted by fishing. These measures constitute at least a partial strategy that is expected to restrain impacts of the SHS on the ecosystem so as to achieve the criterion in 2D(i).

[1] http://www.afma.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/SESSF-Management-Arrangement-Booklet-2017.pdf

(b) Management strategy implementation

LOW RISK

The risks that the SHS poses to the sustainability of the marine ecosystem have been assessed through the application of a progression of risk assessment methodologies (ERAEF process outlined in 2D(i)). The results of the level 1 ERA provide some objective basis for confidence that the measures in place will work at the community level, and catches of the main target species have been below their RBCs in recent years (except for school sharks which is managed as an incidental catch). The impacts on individual species identified as high risk are addressed through a series of targeted measures (e.g. rebuilding plans, bycatch action plans, spatial closures, etc). Some evidence is available through stock assessments, ETP species monitoring and ERAs that these measures are being implemented successfully.

CRITERIA: (iii) There is adequate knowledge of the impacts of the UoA on the ecosystem.

(a) Information quality

LOW RISK

There has been significant investment in research for the fishery in all elements of the ecosystem, including species (target, byproduct, ETP), habitats and ecosystems. While these information sources vary in detail and progression of knowledge, they have been collected in a manner that provides a sound understanding of these key ecosystem elements and allows for detection of changes in risk.

The Marine Bioregional Plan for the Temperate East Marine Region 2012 and the Marine Bioregional Plan for the South-east Marine Region 2012 identify a number of key ecological features present in the area of the SESSF, including the SHS.  A considerable amount of relevant biological and ecological information has been assembled to support these plans (see for example, Bulman and Fulton, 2015 and other reports on the relevant marine reserves websites[1]).

[1] http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/marine/marine-reserves/south-east/resources; http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/marine/marine-reserves/temperate-east/resources

(b) Investigations of UoA impact

LOW RISK

The main impacts of the fishery on the ecosystem can be inferred from existing information, and will largely include impacts associated with the removal of the target species, as well as ETP impacts.  The impacts of the SHS on some key elements have been investigated in detail (e.g. Level 3 SAFE assessments). 

3A: Governance and Policy

CRITERIA: (i) The management system exists within an appropriate and effective legal and/or customary framework which ensures that it:

• Is capable of delivering sustainability in the UoA(s); and
• Observes the legal rights created explicitly or established by custom of people dependent on fishing for food or livelihood.  

(a) Compatibility of laws or standards with effective management

LOW RISK

Relevant Australian Commonwealth Acts, subsidiary legislation and cooperative instruments, including the EPBC Act 1999, Fisheries Management Act (FMA), Fisheries Administration Act (FAA) provide an effective legal framework for the purposes of delivering management outcomes consistent with Components 1 and 2. The FMA takes account of the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement and FAO’s Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.

(b) Respect for Rights

LOW RISK

The management system has a mechanism to formally commit to the legal rights created explicitly or established by custom on people dependent on fishing for food and livelihood. The Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993 formally commits to the rights of indigenous people who can demonstrate their customary rights to fish in a particular area. This legislation provides a mechanism for the making of binding decisions about native title rights to areas of land and water and thereby ensures access to fish resources for people who depend on fishing for their food. AFMA’s jurisdiction typically begins three nautical miles offshore, thus, there is usually no overlap between Commonwealth commercial fishing and customary fishing activity. However, for some fisheries, consideration of customary fishing is largely made through interaction between AFMA’s management and the Native Title Act 1993. Where AFMA modifies an act, a direction or other legislative instrument in a way that may affect native title, that change triggers the ‘future act’ provision of the Native Title Act 1993. In situations where a future act provision could possibly be triggered, AFMA provides the opportunity for relevant native title bodies to be consulted and provide comment.  In addition, Fisheries Legislation Amendment (Representation) Bill 2017 is currently before the Commonwealth parliament. The Bill provides for explicit recognition of recreational and Indigenous fishers in Commonwealth legislation and requires AFMA to have regard to ensuring that the interests of all fisheries users are taken into account in Commonwealth fisheries management decisions[1].

Given the above, the management system has a mechanism to observe the legal rights created explicitly or established by custom of people dependent on fishing for food or livelihood.

[1] http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd1617a/17bd090

CRITERIA: (ii) The management system has effective consultation processes that are open to interested and affected parties. The roles and responsibilities of organisations and individuals who are involved in the management process are clear and understood by all relevant parties.

(a) Roles and Responsibilities

LOW RISK

All stakeholders involved in the management process of the UoA are identified. The functions, roles and responsibilities are explicitly defined and comprehensively understood.

AFMA undertakes the day-to-day management of the Commonwealth fisheries under powers outlined in the FMA and Fisheries Administration Act 1991. Overarching policy direction is set by the Australian Government through the relevant Minister responsible for fisheries, acting upon advice from the Australian Government Department of Agriculture (DoA). The DoA (formerly the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, DAFF) plays an important policy role in promoting the biological, economic and social sustainability of Australian fisheries, particularly those managed by the Australian Government. The department provides policy advice to the Australian Government on a range of fisheries environmental issues, including general fisheries bycatch, seals and sealions, seabirds and the conservation and management of sharks.

The Australian Government Department of the Environment develops and implement policies that protect and conserve the marine ecosystems and biodiversity while maintaining a profitable, competitive and sustainable fishing industry. This includes contributing to the marine bioregional planning process and contributing to policy for the management of a range of marine species.

There is a Management Advisory Committee (SEMAC) and Resource Assessment Group (SERAG) relating to the SESSF. Ecological sustainability is mentioned within the Act, and the SESSF has been evaluated under various Ecological Risk Assessments, and Wildlife Trade Operation declaration (EPBC Act).   

(b) Consultation Process

LOW RISK

The management system includes consultation processes that regularly seek and accept relevant information, including local knowledge. The management system demonstrates consideration of the information and explains how it is used or not used.  South East Management Advisory Committee (SEMAC) is the main advisory body to AFMA. The MAC provides advice on a variety of issues including fisheries management arrangements, research, and compliance/management costs. The MAC also provide a link between AFMA and those with an interest in the fishery, with membership generally comprising members from commercial industry, fisheries management, the scientific community, the environment/conservation sector and, in some instances, the State governments.

Under the FMA, ‘plans of management’, or fisheries management plans (FMPs) as they are known, are the way arrangements are set for each fishery. The FMA establishes the FMPs as the main mechanism for managing fisheries and hence they are the main mechanism for giving effect to the objectives of the FMA. The FMA requires consultation with the public on draft FMPs and provides for ministerial oversight.

Under the Act, AFMA must set out in writing a FMP for each fishery or, likewise in writing, explain why one is not needed and provide draft plans for public display so interested persons can make representations. In other respects, the Act sets out various things that a plan must, or may, contain, and similarly, what AFMA must, or may, do in relation to performing its functions under a FMP. 

CRITERIA: (iii) The management policy has clear long-term objectives to guide decision making that are consistent with the outcomes expressed by Components 1 and 2, and incorporates the precautionary approach.

(a) Objectives

LOW RISK

The long-term objectives of the management system are specified in the FMA and the EPBC Act, and further defined in the Commonwealth Fisheries Harvest Strategy Policy and Guidelines. The objectives and policy guidance are consistent with the outcomes expressed by Components 1 and 2 and explicitly require application of the precautionary principle. The fishery is also subject to the Commonwealth EPBC Act, which requires periodic assessment against the Guidelines for the Ecologically Sustainable Management of Fisheries. These Guidelines encourage practical application of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management. 

3B: Fishery Specific Management System

CRITERIA:   (i) The fishery specific management system has clear, specific objectives designed to achieve the outcomes expressed by Components 1 and 2.

(a) Objectives

LOW RISK

Well defined and measurable short and long term objectives, which are demonstrably consistent with achieving the outcomes expressed by Components 1 and 2, are explicit within the fishery’s management system.  The SESSF Management Plan 2003 (amended in 2009) reinforces the objectives of the FMA as the objectives of the Plan. These are consistent with Australia’s obligations under international arrangements, national legislation and specifically require application of the precautionary principle. Fishery specific objectives are set out in the SESSF Harvest Strategy.

CRITERIA: (ii) The fishery specific management system includes effective decision making processes that result in measures and strategies to achieve the objectives.   

(b) Decision making

LOW RISK

The decision-making process for the SESSF responds to the defined harvest and bycatch management strategies, which respond to research, outcomes evaluations and monitoring programs. The decision-making processes by AFMA based on advice from SEMAC, working with SERAG are transparent with feedback provided by the Commission directly to SEMAC and to stakeholders through media such as the regular AFMA Update and through the Annual public meeting of AFMA.

There is evidence that the management system has responded to serious or other issues identified through stock assessments, ERAs and other species-specific analysis, e.g. the establishment and refinement of the school shark rebuilding strategy.

b) Use of the Precautionary approach

LOW RISK

The objectives and policy guidance of the SESSF explicitly require application of the precautionary principle. The fishery is also subject to the Commonwealth EPBC Act, which requires periodic assessment against the Guidelines for the Ecologically Sustainable Management of Fisheries (for export approval). These Guidelines and encourage practical application of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management. The ERA methodology also accounts for uncertainty by being precautionary.

(c) Accountability and Transparency

LOW RISK

The AFMA website contains an extensive list of evaluations, research reports and assessments, and evidence exists within the SEMAC, the SERAG that decisions respond to these findings. Meeting minutes are also available online. AFMA provide monthly and annual reports, which outline program outcomes and, provide a means for measuring success. Reported ETP species interactions are summarised online.

CRITERIA: (iii) Monitoring, control and surveillance mechanisms ensure the management measures in the fishery are enforced and complied with.

(a) MCS Implementation

LOW RISK

AFMA’s framework for its National (Domestic) Compliance and Enforcement Program is set out in the AFMA National Compliance Operations and Enforcement Policy (AFMA, 2015e).  The policy is compliant with the Australian Fisheries National Compliance Strategy 2010-15 and aims to “effectively deter illegal fishing in Commonwealth fisheries and the Australian Fishing Zone”.  Compliance activities are informed by risk assessments undertaken in accordance with the international standard for risk management (ISO 31000:2009) across all major Commonwealth domestic fisheries (AFMA, 2015e).  Compliance operations are supported through a centralised structure with separate Intelligence, Planning and Operations units.

More specific annual compliance priorities and risk treatments are set out in AFMA’s National Compliance and Enforcement Program 2016 -17 (AFMA, 2015f).  Key priorities for 2016-17 include (i) failure to have a Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) or Electronic Monitoring (emonitoring) system operating at all times, (ii) quota evasion and (iii) bycatch mishandling, which has been identified as an emerging risk.   Risks are treated through a program of general deterrence (i.e. inspections and patrols designed to target identified high risk ports, boats and fish receivers), and other targeted measures – e.g. physical and technical surveillance, standard investigative activity, intelligence gathering, and media strategies.  Compliance Risk Management Teams (CRMTs) may be formed to help address priority risks (e.g. VMS/electronic monitoring offences; quota evasion).  

These measures constitute a system which has demonstrated an ability to enforce management measures.

(b) Sanctions and Compliance

LOW RISK

A framework of sanctions for non-compliance is set out in the FMA, Maritime Powers Act 2013 and Fisheries Management Regulations 1992. These include powers to issue warnings, cautions, directions, Observer Compliance Notices, Commonwealth Fisheries Infringement Notices (CFINs), amend fishing concession conditions, suspend or cancel fishing concessions and prosecute offenders through the courts (AFMA, 2015e).  Some evidence exists that fishers comply with the management system including providing information of importance to the effective management of the fishery.  Across all years between 2011-12 and 2015-16, no action was required in >90% of boat inspections in Commonwealth fisheries (total inspections 879) (AFMA, 2015f).

(c) Systematic non-compliance

LOW RISK

There appears to be no evidence of systematic non-compliance.

CRITERIA:  (iv) There is a system for monitoring and evaluating the performance of the fishery specific management system against its objectives.

(a) Evaluation coverage

LOW RISK

Performance of all stocks against the SESSF Harvest Strategy are assessed annually through the RAG and MAC process.  TACs are adjusted annually based on updated stock assessments and RAG/MAC/AFMA advice. Periodic updates of ERAs evaluate performance against environmental objectives and guide management priorities. Fishery Status Reports produced annually by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) provide an independent evaluation of key parts of the management system (e.g. stock status, overfishing status).   In addition, two Australian National Audit Office reviews have been undertaken into the domestic compliance program (2009, 2013).  Accordingly, the fishery has measures in place to evaluate key parts of the management system.

(b) Internal and/or external review

LOW RISK

The fishery-specific management system is subject to regular internal review through the SEMAC process, which tracks performance of the fishery against the objectives in the Management Plan. AFMA is also required to report in its Annual Report on overall performance against the legislative objectives, statutory requirements and financial reporting, the effectiveness of internal controls and adequacy of the Authority’s risk management processes.

The fishery is subject to regular external assessment through the ongoing assessment for export approval under the EPBC Act against the Guidelines for the Ecologically Sustainable Management of Fisheries. 

T​his seafood risk assessment procedure was originally developed for Coles Supermarkets Australia by MRAG Asia Pacific. FRDC is grateful for Coles’ permission to use its Responsibly Sourced Seafood Framework.

​It uses elements from the GSSI benchmarked MSC Fishery Standard version 2.0, but is neither a duplicate of it nor a substitute for it. The methodology used to apply the framework differs substantially from an MSC Certification.  Consequently, any claim about the rating of the fishery based on this assessment should not make any reference to the MSC.